Cross Stitch Pc Programs

How were the cross stitch patterns made before the pc cross stitch programs came out?
Some people used paper and pencil to make patterns, either with graph paper, or simply a plain sheet of paper. For instance, making a line drawing of what they want, and then putting x’s on it.
Some people just take the fabric and draw the picture they want lightly on the fabric, then place the x’s where ever they go best.
I have seen cross-stitch artists who just create the picture as they stitch, directly onto the fabric.
2- Tutorial per settare i parametri punto croce della foto che importiamo in Pc Stitch